2024-25

This introductory course deals with the main features of Byzantine art from the Early Christian period to the Late Byzantine times. To do so, it looks at various representative monuments and works of art, such as wall painting, portable icons and manuscript illustrations. Particular emphasis will be placed upon the social, historical, theological and iconological context and on archaeological evidence

This course focuses on the Ottoman economy, which was in deep trouble by second half of the 19th century. The main reason for the economic crisis lay in the loans accumulated by the Ottomans, who borrowed from European Great Powers, although there were certainly financial difficulties in the empire before then.  Territorial losses, the corruption of public servants and the concession to certain owners of capital (Mültezim) of the right to collect taxes reduced state revenues, which became the principal feature of the history of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Geography is the study of interactions between environment and society. As one of the social sciences, geography is influenced by other sciences, such as sociology, history, economy and political sciences. The result is the emergence of many geographies, that is, social geography, historical geography, political geography and so on, which result in many ways of studying complex geographic (spatio-temporal) phenomena.

Social psychology provides a theoretical and methodological basis for various branches of the discipline of psychology and so permits the study of specialized aspects of human behavior that are also of current interest. The field of education and the study of the components of the act of teaching are a typical example and make clear the importance of concentrating one's interest on this field of enquiry, particularly in a department that produces the teachers of tomorrow.